Water Treatment Plant

1. Coagulation and Flocculation:

In this initial step, chemicals such as alum or ferric sulfate are added to the raw water to create tiny, sticky particles called floc. These chemicals neutralize the electrical charges of dirt and other suspended particles in the water, causing them to clump together and form larger, easier-to-remove floc particles.

2. Sedimentation:

After coagulation and flocculation, the water is allowed to sit undisturbed in a large basin, known as a sedimentation tank or clarifier. During this stage, the heavier floc particles settle to the bottom of the tank, forming a layer of sediment, while the clearer water moves on to the next step.

3. Filtration:

Infiltration, the water passes through various filtration media such as sand, gravel, or activated carbon to remove remaining suspended particles, microorganisms, and other impurities. Filtration helps improve water clarity and quality, ensuring that it meets regulatory standards for drinking water.

4. Disinfection:

Disinfection is a crucial step in water treatment to kill or inactivate harmful pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Common disinfection methods include chlorination, where chlorine or chloramine is added to the water to destroy pathogens, and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, where UV light is used to disrupt the DNA of microorganisms, rendering them harmless.

5. pH Adjustment:

pH adjustment is often performed to stabilize the pH of the treated water and prevent corrosion or scaling in distribution pipes and plumbing fixtures. Chemicals such as lime or soda ash may be added to adjust the pH to within the desired range.

6. Final Treatment and Distribution:

In the final treatment step, any remaining traces of impurities or contaminants are removed, and the treated water is carefully monitored and tested to ensure that it meets regulatory standards for quality and safety. Once deemed safe for consumption, the treated water is distributed to consumers through a network of pipes and distribution systems.